History of the culture of love feelings. E. Pushkarev
Google Translate Automated Translation - Original Text
I.V. Gethe
The debate that love is a "miracle of civilization" (Stendhal) or that this gift was given to man from his animal ancestors has been going on for a long time and will not end soon.
1. Natural love.
But the supporters of the theory that love existed long before the appearance of man, there are differences of opinion. The first and most of the supporters of this version of the emergence of love take the mating season in animals for love. As a rule, it has a seasonal periodicity. During this period, many animals acquire secondary sexual characteristics (for example, color and mating attire in fish and birds), and exhibit specific forms of behavior (mating, tournaments, nest building). The onset of the mating season is regulated by the seasonal activity of the gonads, which produce hormones that stimulate the sexual activity of animals.
Physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate I.I. Mechnikov
According to I. Kant, love is a metamorphosis of the sexual instinct, which is transformed into the highest element of culture; according to N.A. Berdyaev, love is a product of the development of world culture, an “outcome” of natural necessity.
... we are human only by a few percent, that is, exactly as much as the cortex occupies in the total volume of the brain. Everything else is the limbic system inherited from reptiles. It is she who is responsible for sexual behavior, that is, for love.
Doctor of Biology Sergey Saveliev
A fundamental factor in the evolutionary development of love is sexual reproduction, in which a male and a female bring an equal number of genes into the process of creating a new creature, which provides genetic variability and, therefore, is a means necessary for the survival of the group.
Ethologist A. Protopopov “Treatise on Love. An arrogant mammal". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
TSB (Great Soviet Encyclopedia) also agrees that love “has its own biological prerequisites in animals, expressed in parental and sexual instincts associated with the continuation and preservation of the genus. Love includes life-affirming instincts and drives of "living flesh" and is even unthinkable without them, neither in its genesis nor in essence "
Proponents of this theory believe that love in a person's life is a spiritualized flesh.
A. Schopenhauer
... Love is fleeting ... Love is only an instrument of nature, forcing us to bring our own kind into this world ...
N. Machiavelli
But the smaller part of the supporters of the fact that a person inherited the ability to love from animals, believe that the mating season, copulation exist separately in their lives .
V.S. Soloviev "The Meaning of Love". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
But the storks, although there is a stable pair, but the relationship in it is built according to different laws. From the outside it may seem that storks are loyal and gentle spouses. However, in reality, their marriage is based on attachment to the same nest. Studies have shown that storks do not recognize their partner by sight. They do not know so much that if one stork is exchanged for another, then the spouse will not suspect anything special. And if in the spring a foreign stork flies to the nest before the legal spouse, then the male will not even notice it. True, the legal spouse, upon returning, will restore her rights to the nest, and at the same time to the male. Therefore, it turns out that only where personal recognition and personal individual attachment arise, and love arises.
In all fairness, we will use the term "protlove" to describe the feelings of animals and birds. Unlike storks, gray geese know what protolove is. They recognize their partners by their appearance and voice and have an exceptional memory for the image of the "favorite". Even after a long separation - migrations geese prefer the old prototype, they spend a lot of time together and outside the breeding season.
There are many of us in the likeness of God,
And yet, each has a flaw.
Let's consider that flaws
We Are Obliged To The Monkeys.
Oleg Grigoriev
You can consider the biochemistry of love - through the influence of various hormones, enzymes and neurotransmitters on the occurrence of this specific state in a person (I will note in passing that the ancient hormone prolactin, found already in amoebas, plays an important role in this process!) ...
A. Protopopov “Treatise on Love. A snubbed mammal "
The male birds are obviously more affected by the loss of their females, which may be due to the fact that "it is more difficult for them to find new ones" (Brehm. Animal Life).
Often, the female, together with her male, together drive away the lover who is too impudently seeking reciprocity, but it also happens that the female treats the latter favorably, preferring him to her, so to speak, lawful spouse.
Ch. Lombroso
And the existing myth about the loyalty of swans: a partner from a height to death on the ground, if another dies, this is an invention of the poets. In the animal kingdom, suicides do not happen on this occasion, as, indeed, in archaic human cultures.
All signs of protolove are displayed by vole mice. These inhabitants of the steppes belong to those 3% of mammals who, according to the observations of scientists, have a monogamous relationship. Courtship of steppe voles is a breathtaking "action" that lasts a whole day. After that, they enter into an alliance with their chosen one for life.
L. Young, B. Alexander “The Chemistry of Love. A scientific view of love, sex and attraction " The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
Love is fire, longing for happiness.
Her irresistible power
Any creature is subordinate.
Lope de Vega
Spouses - voles prefer to spend time together, clean each other for hours and live in the same burrow. And after the birth of the young, the spouses become gentle and caring parents. Voles avoid contact with other potential partners. The male becomes an aggressive guardian of the female if a lone competitor becomes active.
Professor, anthropologist H. Fischer
In 1872, Charles Darwin published the book On the Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, in which he analyzed in detail the feelings and means of expression in many species of birds and mammals. By comparing the emotions of animals with those of humans, the founder of the theory of evolution found many expressions of emotion to be universal.
Darwin wrote about the feelings of love experienced by thrush, black grouse, pheasant and other birds. Darwin was a supporter of the idea that all higher animals are characterized by "the same passions, feelings, emotions, even the most complex ones, including jealousy, suspicion, rivalry, gratitude and generosity."
German ornithologists, working with zebra finches (a bird of the finch weaver family), compared the reproductive success of couples who matched up for "love" with those who were forcedly connected to someone else's chosen one. In "happy" couples, grown-up young people turned out to be 37% more than in "unhappy" ones. At the same time, the genetic incompatibility in both groups was approximately at the same level. Scientists have concluded that in monogamy, family harmony is the same point of application of natural selection, as well as other characteristics that increase the number of reared offspring.
Virgil
The most striking discovery is that in humans and other animals, essentially the same systems of regulation of these complex forms of behavior work.
Oxytocin and vasepressin are regulators of family relationships in animals, including humans.
Animals in the central nervous system have very ancient neural circuits, neural networks that specialize specifically in the control of sexual and social behavior.
Ph.D. A. Markov
... why do we fall in love with this or that person, I began to look in neurology. I studied the literature for two years and became more and more convinced that each character trait is associated with one of four hormone systems - dopamine / norepinephrine, serotonin, testosterone and estrogen / oxytocin. This pattern was found not only in humans, but also in monkeys, pigeons and even lizards.
Anthropologist Helen Fisher
- maternal love;
- children's love for the mother;
- love of peers, children and adolescents to each other;
- heterosexual love;
- fatherly love for children.
Chief among them, he thought - love peers, children and teenagers to each other, and Erich Fromm stated: "... the most fundamental kind of love that forms the basis of all kinds of love, is brotherly love," which in essence is the same.
G. Harlow "The Nature of Love" (1958)
"Titi monkeys, who spend their whole lives in monogamous pairs, together. It is obvious that the male and the female individually identify each other, that they are attached to each other and yearn if their spouse dies. In other words, they love each other. Whether we like it or not if we want, it cannot be called anything other than love, and this love is a creation of evolution.
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Obviously, in monkeys, sexual relations largely remain associated with periods of receptivity, and sexual behavior serves reproductive purposes. However, in the sexual behavior of monkeys, it is possible to identify and trace some prerequisites for such a phenomenon of human sexual behavior as sex: the choice of a partner, the presence of orgasm in males and females, the mediation of sexual behavior by social factors, socio-sexual learning, as well as some forms of pathologies and sexual disorders. activity. That is why monkeys are a completely adequate model for studying some factors and characteristics of human sexual behavior in health and disease, as well as for identifying phylogenetic trends in its formation as a specifically human form of behavior.
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Almost all models of sexual relations described in the order of primates can be observed in modern man".
Ethologist, Doctor of History M.L. Butovskaya "Power, Gender and Reproductive Success". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
A. Protopopov “Treatise on Love. An arrogant mammal". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
It is interesting that not every cat will like a cat: for some reason, all cats are attracted to "blondes". I had different cats. For example, the cats didn’t really like the gray ones, but the "blondes", as they see it, are already trembling. And not every cat is suitable for a cat either. I had Strelka, she never let a single cat approach her in all her life, and she died of uterine cancer. The one she liked was a eunuch, his "ladies" were not interested at all. All my life I lived quietly, but Arrow did not want to surrender to anyone. Others, on the contrary, are ready with everyone. Everything is like people have ...
Yu. Kuklachev, from an interview.
There are many skeptics who believe that using the term "love" in relation to animals is anthropomorphism, but knowing family, it is suicidal -loving, forensic statistics, you come to the conclusion that in the animal kingdom this state brings more positive emotions than in humans.
L. Young, B. Alexander “The Chemistry of Love. A scientific view of love, sex and attraction". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
Several million years ago, our ancient ancestors (Homo erectus - Homo erectus ) changed sexual behavior from the previous one - like that of gorillas, where the alpha male by force conquered and kept a harem of females, to another - to a model where most males had sexual access to females.
Christopher Ryan Sex at the Dawn of Civilization. The evolution of human sexuality from prehistoric times to the present day". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
People - a species of Homo sapiens ("reasonable man") - were formed, acquired modern features of the psyche 70-80 thousand years ago in Africa. One of the genetic groups that lived on the territory of modern Ethiopia crossed the Red Sea to Arabia, from where the people of the whole world were settled. Perhaps at this time there was a mixing of Homo sapiens with Neanderthals. Between 1 and 4% of the genome of modern humans contains Neanderthal genetic material.
Understanding of love in the ancient world. V.M. Rosin
Falling in love and the behavior characteristic of lovers has been developed over millions of years of evolution - says Dr. Sergey Savelyev.
Ethologist, Doctor of History M.L. Butovskaya
Many authors saw the basis of the ability to love in the phylogeny of man as a herd creature, whose survival was possible only in cooperation with his own kind. The existence of the phylogenetic roots of love is beyond doubt.
K.pskh.n. L. Ya. Gozman "Psychology of emotional relationships". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
Protolove can be considered a relationship between men and women that arose by mutual consent at an early stage of the primitive herd, this was called steaming. The resulting couples could be both temporary and exist for the whole life. Since the sexual partners belonged to different clans, living at a certain distance from each other, there were peculiar expeditions of men and women of one clan to the habitat of members of another clan, as well as meetings of both in predetermined places. Remnants of this are the love trips of young men and women, recorded by ethnographers in many primitive societies (among the Bushmen, Papuans of New Guinea, on the Trobriand Islands, etc.). Sexual relations in such couples were not socially regulated, so they took place outside of her.
TSB: “… in the era of the“ primitive human herd ”, there was no marriage. The so-called relations dominated. promiscuity in which every woman could have sex with all men, and every man with all women. <> Group marriage, the oldest form of marriage, in which all a man of one phratry, clan, or a certain intrageneric group had a marriage relationship with all women of another of the same group. It arose from the initial sexual promiscuity and in its development was replaced by a pair marriage".
In group marriage, getting food, mutual assistance, raising children were concentrated within the clan, but sexual relations were exclusively outside it.
A pair marriage, corresponding to the tribal structure, most often it is the cohabitation of one man and one woman. But he by no means excludes the cohabitation of one man with several women or one woman with several men. At the same time, the aforementioned options for cohabitation do not create a new form of marriage: it is just that a man or a woman is in several marriages at the same time.
Professor Doctor of History Yu.I. Semenov in his works notes that even during the period of promiscuity, even before group marriage, more or less permanent couples could well exist, or what received the name - pairing. This happened exclusively on personal affections and, therefore, it can be assumed that these were the first stable human relationships that arose on the basis of individual love. These unions were not sanctioned or regulated by society in any way, and therefore allowed sexual intercourse with other persons.
Ethnographer K. Levi-Strauss "Sad Tropics"
"Pairing is a necessary condition for the emergence of individual marriage, but for the latter to appear, certain changes had to take place in the system of socio-economic relations of primitive society." YI Semenov "The Origin of Marriage and Family". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
So, after promiscuity, a group marriage arose, then a pair marriage and then a monogamous marriage.
However, “once a year, in the mating season, they part for a short time, and males and females of other pairs become their fleeting partners. Then the permanent pairs reconnect and continue their normal life, and when the cubs appear, the male takes care of them, and the fact that the father is not him, apparently, does not bother him at all".
P. Wood "Life Before Man"
The closest living relatives of humans are chimpanzees. When a female chimpanzee becomes estrus, she mates with many males. Neither the leader nor other males show any signs of sexual jealousy or aggression. At this stage of the sexual cycle, the female is perceived as a kind of universal source of pleasure, which can be used by any male nearby. Male chimpanzees actually compete with each other for position in the dominance hierarchy.
Although they have complex selective, emotionally charged relationships: friendship, enmity, likes and dislikes. Chimpanzees may have preferred mates who clearly find pleasure in each other's company.
Goodall, D. Chimpanzees in Nature: Behavior
Victor Tancher
D. political science Alex Battler "On Love, Family and State." The book is in our library
In a person, only under a slave system, through moral and legal norms, sex and conception are limited by the framework of the family. A man, the head of a family, as the owner of a large property, did not want to inherit his wealth and power to non-biologically related children. This is how a new moral concept of marital fidelity appeared.
Around the X century BC. commandments appeared:
"You shall not commit adultery" (Exodus 20:14),
“Do not covet your neighbor's house; do not covet your neighbor's wife ... ”(Exodus 20:17), for the first time the rules governing sexual relations were prescribed.
And about fidelity in love first began to write the Roman poets Ovid, Horace in the 1st century. BC.
Bertrand Russell. Nobel Prize Laureate.
According to Bancroft, the Lower Californians “do not have marriage ceremonies, nor any word in language that denotes marriage; like birds or free cattle, they mate at the first instinct.
Poole reports that among the Khaidaks, women "cohabit almost indiscriminately with the men of their tribe."
The ethnographer Powers reports that the Californian Cherokee tribe has absolutely no sexual abstinence: “Most young women are considered common property ".
Brick, the author of the monograph "Negro Eros" published in 1928, based on two years of observations of the life of the aborigines of Equatorial Africa, writes that the youth of many tribes before marriage lives in promiscuity.
There are so many works in which the presence of freedom of sexual relations among certain peoples is noted that it is almost impossible to list them.
Yu.I.Semenov "The Origin of Marriage and Family". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
The term love appeared in English only in the 12th century.
According to the analysis of 166 cultures, 89% of them have some kind of concept of romantic love, which, for example, finds its expression in flirting or in the joint escape of lovers (Jancowiak & Fischer, 1992).
D. Ackerman notes that the international anthropological database lists more than three hundred cultures of the globe, in which the concept of love is not systematized in any way.
Ethologist, Doctor of History M.L. Butovskaya “Secrets of sex. Man and Woman in the Mirror of Evolution". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
2. Love of antiquity.
The most ancient goddess of love, Ishtar, is clearly many-loving, polygamous, insatiable (in modern sexological language she has strong sexual constitution ) and vindictive. She also misfires with Gilgamesh after she is inflamed with a passionate attraction, he rejects her. Insidious Ishtar commands the heavenly bull to kill him. But Gilgamesh is not an ordinary person, he is a demigod, this is what helps him to avoid a tragic fate.
Shamkhat opened her breasts, bared her shame.
I saw Enkidu - I forgot where I was born!
Without embarrassment, she took his breath ...
Delight gave him, the cause of women,
Her caresses were pleasant to him.
Today in India the value of the family is much higher than the value of love, the connection between them is established by the word "parakkam" - love that has arisen from habit. Analogue to Russian: "Suffer and fall in love."
Twenty-four centuries ago, Plato created the first philosophy of love in culture; it marked a new stage in the comprehension of human love, and later became the source for many love theories.
Plato was the first who expressed a revolutionary idea for his time, separating love from biological needs, natural drives and bodily pleasures, began to switch the ordinary understanding of love from the body to the personality. To explain his theory of love, he speaks of two Aphrodites: Aphrodite Pan-demos (All-People) - the deity of rough sensual love and Aphrodite Urania - the goddess of sublime, refined love. Also, Plato lowers the status of Eros from a deity to a demon (the purpose of demons is to be intermediaries between gods and people, they transmit to people, in a dream or in reality, divine orders and instructions).
For Plato, love is a dual feeling, it combines the opposite sides of human nature. In her lives the craving of people for the beautiful - and the feeling of something missing, the desire to make up for what a person does not have. Eros is two-faced, says Plato, he brings man both benefit and harm, gives him evil and good. And love is needed in order to heal the flaws of human nature, to compensate them. Plato called love "the thirst for integrity and the pursuit of it." So, for the first time in our history, the idea arose about the special power of love, about its role as a corrector of human nature. And the fact that people united by love as androgynes acquire special wisdom, strength and power.
And in our time, the myth of androgynes is popular, which Aristophanes tells Socrates in Plato's "Feast". The myth that once, in addition to ordinary people, there were people who had a double body - two pairs of arms and legs, two faces - androgynous. They were "terrible in their strength and power." Zeus was afraid of androgynes because they, thanks to their wisdom and strength, would be able to take away his power. And, to protect themselves, Zeus cut them in half. Therefore, the descendants of androgynes are now halves, constantly yearning for their restoration.
Before Plato, it was believed that love does not depend on a person, it arises when Eros hits a person with his golden arrow, this is passion, bodily attraction, pleasure.
And Plato ascribes a rational principle to love, he considers love also as a spiritual occupation, which means that you no longer need to wait for the heart to be struck by the arrow of Eros, you can find it yourself.
And in Roman mythology, Venus became the goddess of gardens, beauty and love, she was identified with Aphrodite. Venus had a son, Cupid, in his functions he was an analogue of Eros.
In Love, a single true personality is reborn, by free merging of its parts, restoring once and somehow dissolving by it.
religious philosopher L.P. Karsavin (first half of the 20th century)
filia - love-affection, love-sympathy, love-friendship, presupposing free individual choice;
storge - generic indissoluble bond, love-affection;
pragma - “practical” love balanced by a meaningful choice;
agape - sacrificial, selfless love for one's neighbor, benevolence, mercy;
eros - sensual love;
mania - love-obsession, love-addiction;
eunoia - love - giving;
potos - lust;
aphrodisia - "affairs of Aphrodite";
akolasia - pleasures of the body, were terms denoting pleasures delivered through sight, hearing and smell;
charis - love - gratitude and respect.
latreya - "reverent worship", "cult service", love-reverence.
There were also other terms that emphasized various aspects of love attraction.
Love itself as an intimate experience, as an intimate feeling for a specific
person, begins to form in the ancient Greek culture that is significant for us, but
it cannot be called a subjective feeling. The woman performed the reproductive function and was for the man only the mother of heirs, the housekeeper and
overseer over slaves. Passion, as well as communication, was carried outside the family and belonged to the getters. The marriage union was more likely to make a woman a property.
a certain man, but in no way implied egalitarianism or his loyalty to her.
Diana Ackerman "Love in History". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
Emperor Andrian (117-138): "It is clear that I satisfy my passions with others: after all, the concept of" wife "means honor, not pleasure."
Demosthenes
Love in life is usually lower in level than in lyrics. Speaking about his feelings in poetry, the poet by this alone gives them a different sound, ennobles, refines them, makes them richer - makes them different. And, besides, love in art is the top of a mountain, but how much space does the top take in the total mass of the mountain?
In 18 BC. Emperor Augustus (63 BC - 14 BC) issued a famous law that punished for violation of marital fidelity.
In Rome, a husband who caught his wife at the scene of adultery had the right to kill her, and any act of revenge (murder, castration, mutilation of the nose, etc.) could be applied to the one who committed adultery with his wife.
The history of the culture of love depends a lot on the history of the relationship between the sexes. In the Greek world, the dominance of the masculine principle was pronounced. A man is always a man, a husband. A woman is dependent, she was not perceived as a full-fledged person and did not have the right of citizenship, she was completely dependent on a man. She was an inferior being, who was not considered a worthy occupation to love.
Euripides
Ancient Greece is considered the kingdom of true friendship. The names Castor and Polidevkos, Orestes and Pilada, Achilles and Patroclus became common nouns. The main features of friendship were considered its indissolubility. The symbol of this friendship was the story of Castor and Polidevko, set forth in the myths of the Dioscuri. According to the myth, Polideukos, the son of Zeus, being unable to bear the death of his brother and friend Castor, who died in battle, asked his father to send death to him. Zeus allowed Polidevkus to give half of his immortality to his brother. Since then, the Dioscuri spent one day in the underworld of the dead, and one day on Olympus. In this beautiful poetic myth, the idea of the great value of friendship is utterly expressed: friendship is stronger than death.
The cult of friendship is characteristic not only of ancient Greek, but also of Hellenistic and ancient Roman philosophy.
At the turn of the millennium, "love-mania" broke out like an epidemic, swept over all Arab poetry, penetrated the art of Persia, Central Asia, Georgia, and the troubadours. "Teia mania" - madness from the gods - this is how the ancient Greeks called this love. Sappho and Plato immortalized her symptoms - confusion and pain of the soul, heart heat, loss of sleep and appetite.
"Love-mania" was opened to mankind by the Arabs with their ardent feelings and fanatical concentration of all the forces of the soul into a narrow bundle. "I am from the tribe of Ben Azra, when we fall in love, we die" - this is how this fanatical love was imprinted in poetry. Having experienced it, the lover becomes a majnun - a madman, and almost literally - or even literally - lost his mind.
It was at this time (XII century) that the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi "Khosrov and Shirin", "Leyli and Majnun" wrote his famous poems. In them, he highly artistically glorifies the manic passion of lovers, pays attention not just to drinking wine, but to how his heroes drink themselves to death. It can even be called a Persian Shakespeare, because the poem "Khosrov and Shirin" is probably taken as the prototype of "Romeo and Juliet". In it, the main character Shirin plunges a dagger into her heart after she sees that her beloved Khosrov is dying after a series of dramatic events. In the poem Leyli and Majnun, the heroes also experience violent passions - love mania, from which they die prematurely.
Later, a slightly different, hedonistic style of Arab love is described in the tales of "A Thousand and One Nights", meeting each other, lovers take a bath, anoint themselves with incense, put on beautiful clothes. They eat fine food, drink sweet wines, listen to music and singing. From one pleasure to another, along the steps, they approach the summit of sensual pleasures.
It can be assumed that the Arab countries adopted Islam to insure themselves against such passions and drunkenness, it is strictly forbidden in it to this day.
In Egypt today, love is "in the shadow of the mosque." Even the most harmless love is subject to strict control. Sharia forces to hide any manifestations of sensuality. Egyptian love remains "secret, rebellious, blasphemous."
The Old Russian language not only perceived this philosophical and aesthetic understanding of the love of the Old Church Slavonic language, but also developed it in its own way.
In the modern Russian language, the religious understanding of love has been lost; it has become a purely anthropocentric category. The linguistic consciousness of a modern person appeals, first of all, to interpersonal relations "a feeling of warm heart inclination, attraction to a person of the opposite sex."
K. philological sciences. I. Ivanova
XII century, the church was guided by the statement of Saint Jerome: “For someone else's wife, all love is shameful; to hers she must be moderate; he is unfaithful who loves his spouse too dearly".
Engels in his work "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy" notes that "... sexual love during the last 8 centuries has become an obligatory axis around which all poetry revolves."
From Abelard's book "The Story of My Disasters": "Under the pretext of learning, we indulged in the happiness of love for hours, and classes were a secret refuge for our passion. Above the open books, there were more words about love than about teaching. There were more kisses than wise sayings. Hands more often reached for the chest than for books, and the eyes more often reflected love than followed what was written. To arouse less suspicion, I struck Eloise, but not in anger, but with love, not in irritation, but with tenderness, and these blows were more pleasant than any balm. What's next? Seized with passion, we did not miss any of the lovemaking, adding everything unusual that love could come up with". From this episode, it is clear that during lovemaking they also used sadomasochistic techniques.
There was a big scandal. Moreover, Eloise became pregnant. According to the customs of that time, they secretly married and lived apart. They had a son, whom they strangely named for that time - Astrolabe. But Fulbert did not like this, he harbored a grudge against Abelard for the spoiled fate of his niece. He hired criminals who broke into Abelard's house and emasculated him.
This radically changed the lives of the participants in the drama. Despite Elöise's pleas, Abelard felt that the end of both his career as a clergyman and their marriage had come. He told Eloise to go to a monastery and get tonsured as a nun. She obeyed. He himself took monastic vows. When Eloise read his book, she wrote to him, and they began a correspondence that was to become part of the literary heritage of the Western world.
Eloise's letters are full of scholarly reasoning and quotations, but the passion for the chosen one, the joy of happiness that her whole life is for him, triumph. She was free and wanted to belong to him:
... "I loved you with love beyond measure".
... "While I was enjoying carnal passion with you, it was not clear to many why I was doing this: whether for love for you or for the sake of sensuality. Now the end reveals what prompted me in the beginning. After all, I completely renounced all pleasures, just to obey your will".
... "Even during a solemn divine service, when prayer should be especially pure, sinful visions of these pleasures overwhelm my unfortunate soul to such an extent that I indulge in these abominations more than prayer. And instead of lamenting what I have done, I more often I sigh about what has not happened. " The husband taken away from her, she wrote, is happier: "The crime has taken away from him the very incentive to sin".
... "God alone takes Eloise from you," she assured him. "Yes, dear Abelard! He grants the soul that peace of mind that, by a fleeting reminder of our misfortune, does not allow me to indulge in pleasures. Great God! What other rival could take me away from you? Can you imagine any mortal being able to erase you from my heart? Can you make me guilty of sacrificing the noble and learned Abelard for anyone but God?"
The following excerpt from her letter testifies to the fact that Eloise was experiencing poor-quality love - mania is evidenced by the following excerpt from her letter, at that time she was the abbess of the Paraclete monastery: “Passions torment me even more, torment me unbearably, for I am naturally weaker. Those who consider me chaste have not realized that I am simply hypocritical. They confuse chastity and virtue, although true virtue is the virtue of the soul, not the body. I have some merits before people, but I do not have them before God [...] After all, the Lord knows that in all the circumstances of my life I was always more afraid of offending you than of him. It's more important for me to like you than to like him. Only your command, and not love for God, made me put on this garment".
Abelard in the early monastic years helped his ex-wife financially, gave her money received from his students. But his letters were devoid of cordiality, more than restrained. He wrote about his love as a sin, a fall, a concession to sensuality. The pleasure of love, which he indulged in with her in the monastery refectory, he calls the greatest blasphemy and "a direct violation of Christian morality" and "disgusting to Jesus Christ."
Abelard died at the age of sixty-three. After his death, Eloise interceded and after long petitions a paper was received about the absolution of his sins. She followed him twenty years later, having lived as long as Abelard. She was buried in the same grave as Abelard, as she bequeathed.
Orthodoxy brought into life its ideals of love, they are set forth in the words of the Apostle Paul.
FIRST MESSAGE TO THE CORINTHIANS.
1. If I speak in human and angelic tongues, but have no love, then I am a ringing brass or a sounding cymbal.
2. If I have the gift of prophecy, and I know all the secrets, and I have all knowledge and all faith, so that I can move mountains, but I do not have love, then I am nothing.
3. And if I distribute all my possessions and give my body to be burned, but I have no love, there is no benefit to me.
4. Love endures for a long time, is merciful, love does not envy, love is not exalted, not proud.
5. Does not rage, does not seek his own, does not get irritated, does not think evil.
6. He does not rejoice in unrighteousness, but suffers in the truth.
7. Covers everything, believes everything, hopes everything, endures everything.
8. Love never ceases, although prophecies will cease, and tongues will cease, and knowledge will be abolished ...
13. And now these three abide: faith, hope, love, but love is the greatest of them.
1 Cor. 13, 1 - 8, 13.
The Church draws a sharp line between lust and love. Lust is not the satisfaction of carnal desire, but the enjoyment of it. Wickedness consists in lusting for pleasure, so pleasure is regarded as a vice. Sexual love should not be pleasure, it should be in the name of health, procreation. Sexual love always stands below love for God and should not interfere with it. It is not the body that is guilty of sin, but the soul.
N.M. Karamzin
In addition to the five main wives, the Kiev prince Vladimir "Red Sun" had 800 concubines (... and his concubine was 300 in Vyshegorod, and 300 in Belegorod, and 200 in Berestove), and the chronicler emphasizes that the prince was not fed up with this and spent to his bed of married wives and girls. This harem was officially dissolved when Russia adopted Orthodoxy.
The traditions of polygamy were kept in Russia for more than one century after baptism. The presence of several "spouses" was not the privilege of princes and nobility. The Old Russian legislative code "Extensive Truth" provides for a situation when his "timid children" take part in the division of the property of a deceased person together with their mother (Article 98).
"A good wife is a crown to her husband and sorrow": relations in the family. Ancient Russia XI-XIII centuries V. Dolgov
The famous said:
What is good?
What's bad?
It all depends on
What is the era.
3. Modern love.
Charles Seignobo
Love was an invention of poets (troubadour of Provence), and poetry remained synonymous with love for a long time.
Nina Upton "Love and the French". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
Speaking in mountaineering terms, the development of a culture of love is more like not ascending to the top, but like traversing a mountain range, when from one peak there is a descent to the foot, then to another peak. These descents and ascents can also be called macro amorous trends: love antiquity, courtly (knightly) love, romantic love and now we live in a period of transition to confluent love. Macro amorous trends are cultural codes, sensual, ritual ideology, differing in both cognitive-behavioral and emotional-behavioral components of experiences. Their content is the result of collective reflection on the processes of comprehending love, all emotional, erotic experiences of passions that existed in society in a specific historical period of development. Within amorous trends there is turbulence, variability of amorous forms of characters' manifestation.
The Christian concept of monogamous indissoluble marriage in Europe gains recognition only in the XII-XIII centuries. Only at this time is marriage ranked among the main Christian sacraments. A church blessing is also included in the marriage procedure. Before that, polygamy and konkubinat were widespread.
Knightly love is more civilized, more spiritual, more psychologically refined. Here she is clearly richer than the antique, standing in front of her. But on the other hand, antique love is more full-blooded, more integral, more natural, in it there is a harmony of bodily and spiritual impulses, which knightly love does not have.
In the radiance of the rays, your dear image
My soul always keeps it.
I will start to write and see - there is no such power,
Those delights ... Oh, how good you are!
Her features are captured in his creations:
And my brush is bold, and the colors are alive,
But how dead they are before you!
How these delicate lilies, roses ebb and flow
To portray with such beauty?
Since the beginning of the Renaissance or Renaissance era. (the beginning of the XIV - the end of the 16th century) the era of "romantic love" begins.
“The philosophy and literature of romantics have created a special concept of love known as“ romantic love ”. Romantic love is something ideal, sublime, eternal. Romantic literature and poetry created a real cult of love as the highest, almost mystical value, towering above all earthly conventions.
However, romantic love, as a spiritual and mystical affinity, knows no boundaries and marriage, the real relationship of people for it is not a prerequisite and criterion for the full value of moral feelings.
The theory of romantic love developed in the direction of mysticism. This is evidenced, for example, by the works of the German religious philosopher Franz Baader, author of Theses of Erotic Philosophy (1828) and Forty Theses of Religious Erotica (1831). In these works, a kind of synthesis of eroticism and mysticism, eros and agape is outlined. "Religion and love," writes Baader, "which are closely related to each other, undoubtedly, are the highest gifts of life, when used wisely, they determine the happiness of such, and when used irrationally for evil, they bring misfortune to both the individual and the society of people."
The concept of "romantic love" usually includes a constant striving for the perfect ideal, a state of constant love, mystical worship of the female principle. To a large extent, this understanding of love was created by romantic poetry, especially English poetry, which created the cult of ideal, sublime love". V.P. Shestakov, Doctor of Philosophy
In the era of "romantic love", a humanistic rehabilitation of the flesh takes place, which gradually turns into the aristocratic culture of the 17th - 18th centuries. into refined debauchery. Individual love is replaced by an elaborate ritual of gallantry whose sole purpose is physical possession. "There is nothing good in love, except for its physical side," wrote the French naturalist J.L. Buffon.
He was famous for his love science,
About himself, trumpeting everywhere
And enjoying not loving.
Philosopher M.O. Menshikov "Superstitions and the truth of love." XIX century.
The place of love in France in the 17th century can be learned from the statements of F. de La Rochefoucauld:
“When a woman falls in love for the first time, she loves her lover, in the future she only loves love ";
"Love is most correct to compare with fever: the severity and duration of both does not in the least depend on our will";
“As rare as true love is, true friendship is even rarer”;
"A wise person understands that it is easier to deny himself a passion than to fight it later";
"Some people fall in love only because they have heard about love";
"... when people no longer love each other, it is difficult for them to find a reason to part ways ...";
"There are a lot of women who have not had a single love affair, but there is not one who has only one."
During the reign of Queen Victoria in England in the XIX century. (second half) sex was considered not so much a sin as an animal instinct, completely disgusting. The women showered each other with sentiments and taught their daughters that "women do not have passions." A girl from a good family should by no means have an idea about the anatomy of the male body, about how children are born, for the angel had to marry not only physically intact, but also completely “pure” spiritually. The cultural stereotype of this era: to divide female representatives into two categories: "exemplary" women, for whom sex is an unpleasant conjugal obligation. And the "fallen" - who enjoyed sex and hid it in every possible way, primarily from their husbands.
School and church, secular society and justice, newspaper, book, morality stubbornly avoided any mention of the problem (sexuality), and even science joined them in a shameful way. She capitulated under the pretext that such vile topics of science were unworthy. And no matter how much you look through the books of that time, philosophical, legal and even medical, everywhere you see how the authors, as if by collusion, fearfully leave any discussion.
A girl from a good family should by no means have an idea about the anatomy of the male body, about how children are born, for the angel had to marry not only bodily, but also completely “pure” spiritually. Even to this day, I am amused by a curious story with my aunt, who on her wedding night returned to her parents' house and categorically declared that she would never want to see this terrible man to whom she was married; he is insane, he is a real sadist, for he made a serious attempt to undress her, and only with difficulty did she manage to escape from this obviously unhealthy encroachment.
S. Zweig
The downside of this ascetic morality was:
“Since out of every thousand people on average 350 are men aged 15 to 60 years ... for twelve men in a large city of the XIX century. on average, there was one prostitute ... Vienna was the sex capital of Europe, with 20,000 prostitutes per 400,000 population. one prostitute for seven men". English researcher R. Tannahill
“According to the calculations of a special commission, in the early 1890s. in Russia, there were 1262 brothels, 1232 secret brothels, 15365 "prostitute brothels" and over 20 thousand singles; over 14 thousand women were detained on suspicion of prostitution a year.
... the number of prostitutes per capita in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century. was about the same as in other European capitals - London, Paris, Vienna and Berlin". I.A. Holosenko.
In general, in ancient Russian literature, there are practically no plots devoted to the topic of sexual love and passion.
"Love to create is too much to want": love and sexuality. Ancient Russia XI-XIII centuries V. Dolgov
A detailed linguophilosophical study of the concept LOVE in the historical and etymological aspect (Ancient Russia) was made by Doctor of Philology V.V. Kolesov “Word and deed. From the history of Russian words. (Love and love) ". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
In Russia in the 16th century, a set of everyday rules and instructions, "Domostroy", was introduced into the practice of life. He defended the principles of patriarchal order in the family, unquestioning obedience to the head of the family, a man. Domostroy existed for several centuries and streamlined family life.
Sylvester "Domostroy". The book is in our library "Love, family, sex and about ..."
Wealthy families, in which the brides did not work, simply kept them under lock and key: “The girls were kept in solitude, hiding from human eyes; before marriage, a man should be completely unknown to them; it was not in the mores of the people for a young man to express his feelings to the girl or to ask her personally for her consent to the marriage. The most pious people were of the opinion that parents should beat girls more often so that they would not lose their virginity".
N.I. Kostomarov
Our religion was so practical, inscribed in everyday life that no one was involved in comprehending the idea of love. Strictly speaking, how to love? This question has never been asked. Conversations about love only appeared in the 17th century. And then quite a bit. Our tradition of love relationships is not just recent - it still does not exist. When we refer to examples of conjugal love, then, apart from the story of Peter and Fevronia, we have nothing to remember ...
Professor, Doctor of Philosophy E. N. Shapinskaya
“The introduction of love into the 17th century Russian novel destroys the entire basis of plausibility. The Russians of that time did not know love according to the current concepts of it, did not know abstract tenderness, married and loved, like today's Asians. Marriage was a domestic matter, a union between two clans, a calculation of civil life. All foreigners and Russians who describe Russia at the time agree on this. We still have some love songs; I don’t think that they were very ancient, and if in some it is said about love, it is always between the common people, which had much more freedom in dealing with the female sex ”. Russian writer of the first half of the 19th century. F.V. Bulgarin.
The first documentary evidence of the importance of emotional factors in marriage does not appear earlier than the second half of the 17th century. Individual attachment was possible, but not essential. The principle worked here: "Tolerate - to fall in love."
Molière "Sganarelle, or the Imaginary Cuckold" (1660)
At this time (at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries), two canons were established in literature - before the wedding, the love of heroes was narrated in a sublimely sentimental, then passionately romantic spirit, it was customary to talk about family life and raising children in a mockingly ironic tone.
G.A. Khakimova
Gradually, attitudes in this respect among the nobility changed. Under the influence of sentimentalism, in the 18th century. secular love lyrics appeared in Russia. In 1802 N.M. Karamzin noted that a "new word" appeared in the Russian language - love ... Marriage, without losing its basic character of social union, also becomes more individual and selective.
Bertrand Russell. Nobel Prize Laureate. Love and its place in human life.
By the end of the 19th century M.O. Menshikov, the philosopher of that time notes a new phenomenon, in his work "Literature played a huge role in the love cult" writes: "Acting for centuries on the unstable brains of average people, a love story corrupts the sexual feeling more than any other influence."
the second - the attitude of the common people to the question of love is best characterized by the statement of the footman Yasha from Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard": "In my opinion, this is how: if a girl loves someone, then she means immoral." Or here's another, Leo Tolstoy's "The Kreutzer Sonata": "Well, how can you live with a person when there is no love? - the lady was in a hurry to express her judgments, which, probably, seemed to her very new. - Before it was not disassembled, - the old man said in an impressive tone , - now it just started .
...- "Tell me, nanny,
About your old years:
Were you in love then? " - And that's enough, Tanya! These summers
We have not heard of love;
Otherwise I would have driven it out of the world
My deceased mother-in-law. "But how did you get married, nanny?"
- So, apparently, God ordered My Vanya
I was younger, my light,
And I was thirteen years old.
What we call love, the commoner calls spoilage, dryness, which must be let loose.
And where unbridled, coarse passions cannot find satisfaction, there they also want, no matter what, to achieve their goal; experienced people know that there is nothing to dissuade and convince; the mind is lost; it is easier to act through superstition ...
V.I. Dal "On the beliefs, superstitions and prejudices of the Russian people" (1845)
Social upheaval is causing major changes in love and family relationships and traditions. F. Engels, "... in every major revolutionary movement the question of" free love "comes to the fore.
After the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, complex and contradictory processes began, in which 4 main stages can be distinguished.
1. 1917-1936: disorganization of the traditional marriage and family structure; social emancipation of women; weakening of the institution of marriage and the sexual morality based on it; a sharp increase in the number of abortions, an increase in prostitution and sexually transmitted diseases; normative uncertainty, controversy, anarchy about love and sexuality.
2. 1936-1956: the triumph of totalitarianism; a course to strengthen marriage and family by command and control methods; establishment of total control over a person; denial and suppression of sexuality.
3. 1956-1986: replacement of totalitarianism with authoritarianism; gradual expansion of the sphere of individual freedom; the transition from command-and-control methods of protecting marriage and family to moral and administrative ones; the first wave of the sexual revolution, attempts at its direct denial, suppression, regulation and domestication.
4. From 1987 to the present: decomposition and collapse of the Soviet regime; weakening of state power and all forms of social and ideological control; the next and most powerful wave of the sexual revolution, anomie and moral panic; politicization, vulgarization, commercialization and "Americanization of love".
Even before the Bolshevik coup, its leaders were discussing a new structure of gender relations. Correspondence between Lenin and Trotsky. 1911
“Undoubtedly, sexual oppression is the main means of enslaving a person. As long as such oppression exists, there can be no talk of real freedom. The family, as a bourgeois institution, has completely outlived its usefulness ... ”(From a letter from L. Trotsky)
“... And not only family. All prohibitions related to sexuality must be removed ... We have a lot to learn from suffragists: even a ban on same-sex love must be removed ..."(From a response letter from Vladimir Lenin)
Immediately after the seizure of power in 1917, the Bolsheviks began to implement their ideas of "free love" at the state level. In doing so, they relied on the theory of communism, which predicted the collapse of the bourgeois monogamous family and the transition to satisfying sexual needs within the framework of free relationships. They believed that the upbringing of children should be taken over by the state.
It should be noted that the Bolsheviks did not invent this themselves, they, as conscientious students, learned this from the teachings of their idols. F. Engels in his work "The Origin of the Family, Private Property, State" writes: "With the transition of the means of production into public ownership, the individual family will cease to be an economic unit of society, a private house, economy will turn into a social branch of labor. Caring for children will become a universal affair, and therefore worry about the consequences that currently constitute the most significant social moment, moral and economic, preventing a girl from giving herself to her beloved man, will disappear ”.
But F. Engels did not invent it himself, he borrowed it from the Spartans. This is what Plutarch writes about ancient Sparta in his Comparative Biographies. "Lycurgus was the first to decide that children do not belong to their parents, to the entire state." When the boys were 7 years old, Lycurgus took them from their parents, and distributed them to the detachments so that they lived, played, and worked together. The main consequence of this lifestyle was the habit of obedience.
In Yekaterinodar, in the same 1918, the most distinguished Red Army soldiers were given a mandate of the following sample: "The bearer of this is given the right to socialize in the city of Yekaterinodar 10 souls of girls aged 16 to 20, whom a comrade will point out".
The main Bolshevik ideologue of "free love" Alexandra Kollontai wrote that the modern family has lost its traditional economic functions, which means that a woman is free to choose her partners in love. In 1919, her work "New morality and the working class" was published: "The ideal of" great love "(" grand amour ") is difficult to achieve, especially for men, since it conflicts with their life ambitions. To become worthy of the ideal, a person should go through a period of apprenticeship, in the form of "love games" or "erotic friendship", and master sexual relations, free from emotional attachment, and from the idea of superiority of one person over another".
"Love and new morality." A.M. Kollontai
Kollontai believed that only free and, as a rule, numerous connections can give a woman the opportunity to maintain her individuality. Any form of sexual relations is acceptable, but "sequential monogamy" is preferable, each time based on love or passion, a change in marriage partners, serial relationships between men and women. She stated that over time, the family will die out, and women will learn to take care of all, indiscriminately, children as if they were their own.
In the 20s, the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" told how two fathers came to the maternity hospital to a young mother. The woman was simultaneously the wife of both and therefore did not know who exactly was the father of the newborn son. All three were Komsomol members and students of the workers' faculty. They were not at all embarrassed and were not afraid of prying eyes. They called it love three together, they did not hide it from anyone, because it was not they who invented it and theoretically "substantiated" it. It was believed that love of Komsomol members does not know jealousy, is devoid of private ownership instincts and may well be collective. At that time, there were many such facts. They are reflected even in the movies.
“Students look askance at those Komsomol members who refuse to have sexual intercourse with them. They regard them as petty-bourgeois retrograds who cannot free themselves from outdated prejudices. The idea prevails among students that not only abstinence, but also motherhood should be treated as a bourgeois ideology ... ”(Pravda, May 7, 1925). “The husband of my friend asked me to spend the night with him, as his wife is sick and cannot satisfy him tonight. When I refused, he called me a stupid citizen who is not capable of comprehending all the greatness of the communist doctrine ..." (Pravda, May 7, 1925)
All these proletarian ideas and experiments led to surges: the number of abortions and divorces, prostitution, sexually transmitted diseases, violence. After that, the authorities decided to put things in order on the "family - spiritual front". The author of "The Twelve Sexual Commandments ..." A.B. Zalkind writes: "Sexual robbery, gnawing at revolutionary emotionality, sometimes irreparably, if the robbery lasts too long, it can slow down the construction of a bright future."
In the "USSR there is no sex", even the date is known when he was gone - 1936, a new family code was adopted, prohibiting abortions. A course was taken to strengthen the family: "free love" was branded as anti-socialist. Any erotic and sexual information was considered immoral, which means it is closed. It was decided that ignorance in these matters is better than knowledge.
- emancipation of sexuality (the turn of the XIX-XX centuries);
- Dionysianism (1920s);
- eunuchism (1930-1960s);
- Sexual Renaissance (from the mid-1970s).
The developed periodization reflects not only the historical change in erotic-emotional practices, but also a gradual, uneven, contradictory transition from social regulation of sex life, relationships through traditions and customs to morality as a “plural regulator of erotic practices.
VM Rozin (born 1937), Doctor of Philosophy: “I remember my mother once said:“ My father and I have loved each other all our lives, and in our time and in our circle many lived like that. We haven't heard of any sex. Sex is a disgusting word, it is something immoral, maybe not debauchery, but also not love " ...
Evolution of ideas about love and marriage in the last two centuries. V.M. Rosin
Bertrand Russell. Nobel Prize Laureate. 1929
Since modern times, the phenomenon of love has tremendous power, it owns the minds of billions of people, but does not contribute to the harmonization and happiness of a person, but on the contrary, complicates and confuses life. While this global amorous anarchy plays into the hands of bankers and merchants, they have learned to skillfully extract profit from it.
Consumer society and its antilove essence. E. Pushkarev
D.philos.n. A.Ya. Flier. "Love as culture".
For an objective understanding of the inter-sex amorous - erotic processes taking place at the beginning of the third millennium, it is necessary to take into account new waves of global social processes: sexual, gender and family. Not one article is devoted to this on our site, but a whole section Ecology of the culture of love.
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In traditional culture, love is not singled out as a special problem, it simply exists along with other phenomena of human existence. Traditional culture is characterized by the belief that after marriage, love automatically arises between two people who start a family. Sayings like “fall in love, endure”, the tradition of choosing a groom, images of a wedding - all this speaks of the subordination of love to marriage and their close connection. In modern culture, the relationship of love to marriage is turning upside down, now love is accepted as the romantic basis of marriage, and marriage itself often becomes a prison for love. Love degenerates into sexuality and loses the power of a person's spiritual transformation. As a result, there is a loss of the integrity of human being.
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So, if before the Second World War most of the psychiatric diseases arose as a result of the impossibility of realizing love, then after the war most patients suffer from loss of feelings and experiences, from apathy. This is due to the large-scale liberation of a person from the traditional Western culture of suppression, carried out through hobby, intensification of artificial experiences. Human involvement in the sexual revolution makes sex a key point in popular culture. This leads to the dominance of sexual interest in a being of the opposite sex and a degeneration of interest in higher relationships, in the spiritual side of love.
D.philos.n O.I. Nikolina "The Phenomenon of Love in Human Being"
Diana Ackerman "Love in History"
Jean Jacob Bacheofep "History of Sexual Rituals"
Yuri Belanovsky, Alexander Bozhenov "Two in one flesh: Love, sex and religion"
Johann Bloch "History of Prostitution"
Vadim Dolgov “The Secret Life of Ancient Russia. Life, customs, love "
Oleg Ivik "History of sexual prohibitions and prescriptions"
Barbara Cartland "The mystery of love through the prism of history"
V. V. Kolesov “Word and deed. From the history of Russian words. (Love and love) ".
Vasily Koltashov "Sexual Revolution"
Jean de La Bruyère "The characters, or mores of the present century"
Hans Licht "Sexual Life in Ancient Greece"
Bronislav Malinovsky "Sex and repression in the society of savages"
Anna Sardaryan "100 great love stories"
Alexander Spirkin "A Brief Love Story"
Alexander Strakhov "Philosophical anthropology of the evolution of images of sex and love in the domestic culture of the last centuries"
Alexander Sosnovsky “Faces of love. Essays on the history of sexual morality "
Michel Foucault "A Story of Sexuality: Taking Care of Yourself"
"Sylvester: Domostroy"
Guide to the site and the main milestones in the knowledge of love. E. Pushkarev
Superstitions and the truth of love. M.O. Menshikov
Love and new morality. A.M. Kollontai
Eros and Culture: Philosophy of Love and European Art. Shestakov V.P.
Understanding of love in the ancient world. Archaic discourse and quasi-subject of love. V.M. Rozin.
Eros in a historical and cultural perspective: antiquity, Christianity, Islam. G. Ya. Streltsova
The essence of love. E. Pushkarev.
Briefly about love. E. Pushkarev
Man and woman: relationships. E. Pushkarev
Man and woman: leadership in love and marriage. E Pushkarev
Psychology of love. E. Pushkarev
Love test: "love scale" by Z. Rubin.
Diana Ackerman "Love in History"
Jean Jacob Bacheofep "History of Sexual Rituals"
Yuri Belanovsky, Alexander Bozhenov "Two in one flesh: Love, sex and religion"
Johann Bloch "History of Prostitution"
Vadim Dolgov “The Secret Life of Ancient Russia. Life, customs, love "
Oleg Ivik "History of sexual prohibitions and prescriptions"
Barbara Cartland "The mystery of love through the prism of history"
Vasily Koltashov "Sexual Revolution"
Jean de La Bruyère "The characters, or mores of the present century"
Hans Licht "Sexual Life in Ancient Greece"
Bronislav Malinovsky "Sex and repression in the society of savages"
Anna Sardaryan "100 great love stories"
Alexander Spirkin "A Brief Love Story"
Alexander Sosnovsky “Faces of love. Essays on the history of sexual morality "
Michel Foucault "A Story of Sexuality: Taking Care of Yourself"
"Sylvester: Domostroy"
Guide to the site and the main milestones in the knowledge of love. E. Pushkarev
Superstitions and the truth of love. M.O. Menshikov
Love and new morality. A.M. Kollontai
Eros and Culture: Philosophy of Love and European Art. Shestakov V.P.
Understanding of love in the ancient world. Archaic discourse and quasi-subject of love. V.M. Rozin.
Eros in a historical and cultural perspective: antiquity, Christianity, Islam. G. Ya. Streltsova
The essence of love. E. Pushkarev.
Briefly about love. E. Pushkarev
Man and woman: relationships. E. Pushkarev
Man and woman: leadership in love and marriage. E Pushkarev
Love test: "love scale" by Z. Rubin.
